Jurnal Hukum dan Etika Kesehatan

Legal Protection of Patient's Health Data in The Digital Era

Yessy Andriani Fauziah — 2026-02-03

Digital transformation in the health sector has accelerated cross platform data exchange, while at the same time increasing the risks of privacy violations and patient information leakage. Law Number 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection and Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health emphasize the importance of secure and accountable medical data governance in Indonesia. This article aims to analyze the adequacy of legal protection for patient health data, with particular attention to regulatory coherence and existing normative gaps in the implementation of these two laws, as well as their relationship with the principles of medical ethics. This study applies a normative legal research method using a statutory approach, a conceptual approach, and a comparative approach. The statutory approach examines relevant legislation governing health data protection, while the conceptual approach explores ethical principles such as patient autonomy, confidentiality, and accountability. The comparative approach draws lessons from international regulatory practices to provide broader context. The findings indicate that although patient health data protection is explicitly regulated, significant gaps remain in practice, particularly regarding security standards, system interoperability, and the quality of digital consent. These weaknesses may undermine patient trust and increase legal and ethical risks. Therefore, this study recommends the implementation of Data Protection Impact Assessments, independent audits, and the integration of digital ethics into health professional education to strengthen accountability and sustain public trust, following best practices adopted in the European Union and the United States

Legal Protection for National Health Insurance (JKN) Participants in The Context of Substandard Healthcare Services

Emirza Nur Wicaksono — 2026-02-05

The National Health Insurance (JKN) is a strategic program of the Indonesian government aimed at providing equitable and fair access to healthcare services. Although it has enrolled millions of participants, the quality of healthcare services received by participants remains a significant issue, including long queues, drug shortages, service discrimination, and alleged malpractice. This study aims to examine the legal protection of JKN participants who experience substandard healthcare services, as well as to identify challenges and solutions in its enforcement. A normative legal research method is employed, using both the statutory approach and the conceptual approach to analyze relevant legislation, legal doctrines, and fundamental concepts such as legal protection, the responsibilities of service providers, and standards of quality healthcare services. The results indicate that, normatively, legal protection for JKN participants is already regulated through various laws and regulations. However, the optimization of this protection still requires strengthening and clarification of regulations concerning service standards, complaint mechanisms, supervisory effectiveness, and inter-agency coordination so that the existing legal framework can function more effectively and ensure participants’ rights are fully guaranteed. Therefore, systematic regulatory reinforcement is needed, including the clarification of norms regarding the obligations of service providers, the formulation of simpler and measurable complaint and dispute resolution mechanisms, and the improvement of supervisory instruments and sanctions that provide legal certainty and enforceability.

Legal Protection of Electronic Medical Records in Dental Practice

Eveline Yulia Darmadi — 2025-03-04

The implementation of electronic medical records in dental practice raises legal issues that extend beyond administrative concerns to include the protection of patient rights and legal certainty for dental professionals. The enactment of Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health strengthens the obligation to adopt digital medical records while simultaneously creating potential normative tensions with personal data protection and technical regulations on medical records. This study aims to analyze the legal protection of electronic medical records in dental practice and to identify normative gaps that may weaken legal protection for both patients and healthcare professionals. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory and conceptual approaches by examining health legislation, personal data protection law, and relevant implementing regulations. The findings indicate that electronic medical records occupy a strategic position as both clinical documentation and legal evidence; however, the existing regulatory framework has not yet ensured proportional legal certainty. Ambiguities in the allocation of legal responsibility, potential normative disharmony, and the absence of specific regulations for dental practice may expose patients and dental professionals to legal risks. Therefore, regulatory strengthening and normative harmonization are required to ensure that the digitalization of medical records effectively safeguards patient rights and professional accountability.

Differences in Services Between BPJS Patient Participants and General Patients in Fully Accredited Hospitals

Noel Eloy — 2026-03-06

This study discusses the standards of health services provided by fully accredited hospitals for BPJS participants and general patients, as well as the legal responsibility of fully accredited hospitals for discrimination committed by health human resources against BPJS patients. The method used in this study is normative legal research, with research approaches namely the legislative approach, comparative approach, and conceptual approach. The method uses analytical techniques in the form of grammatical interpretation and systematic interpretation to be able to analyze the primary and secondary legal materials used in this study. The results of this study indicate that the Standards of Accredited Hospital Services for BPJS Participants and General Patients include providing humane treatment without discrimination, not being profit-oriented, emergency services without having to pay a down payment, optimizing patient recovery and safety, carrying out targeted and efficient medical actions, mutual cooperation and togetherness from various health professions, providing balanced information, providing protection for patients and health workers, providing psychological support to patients in need, and providing education related to health and disease prevention. Hospital responsibilities are carried out based the provisions in the Article 29 paragraph (2) of the Hospital Law, Articles 1365 and 1366 of the Civil Code.

Analysis of The Jakarta State Administrative Court Decision Number 64/G/2018/PTUN.JKT on Enforcement of Medical Professional Discipline

Berlian Shinta Faradiansyah — 2026-03-12

The Jakarta Administrative Court (PTUN) Decision Number 64/G/2018/PTUN.JKT represents a significant milestone in the development of administrative law in Indonesia, particularly in enforcing medical professional discipline. This decision affirms that administrative sanctions imposed by the Indonesian Medical Discipline Honor Council (MKDKI) and the Indonesian Medical Council (KKI), such as the revocation of a Registration Certificate (STR), constitute a State Administrative Decision (KTUN) that may be legally reviewed by the Administrative Court. Using a juridical normative and qualitative approach, this study examines the implications of the decision on transparency, accountability, and legal protection within disciplinary procedures for medical professionals. The findings indicate that this ruling strengthens the principle of legality, enhances access to justice for medical practitioners, and expands the jurisdiction of administrative courts over professional bodies. Furthermore, the decision underscores the need to harmonize professional ethics, positive law, and principles of good governance. In light of the new regulatory framework under Law No. 17 of 2023 on Health, adaptive legal synchronization is required to ensure that judicial oversight operates effectively while maintaining professional independence and ethical standards in the medical field.

Legal Responsibility of Foreign-Trained Doctors in Health Services in Indonesia

Dyko Rahmatullah — 2026-03-20

The shortage of medical personnel in Indonesia is influenced by the uneven distribution of doctors in remote areas, limited medical education capacity, and relatively lengthy licensing bureaucracy. These conditions have led to the utilization of Indonesian citizens who graduated from foreign universities (WNI-LLN) as an alternative to fulfill health services. This study aims to analyze the regulations on equivalence and legal accountability of WNI-LLN doctors in health services in Indonesia. The method used is normative juridical research with a legislative, conceptual, comparative, and case approach. The results of the study show that regulations regarding the equivalence of diplomas, competency tests, adaptation programs, and the issuance of Registration Certificates (STR) and Practice Licenses (SIP) are regulated in Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health and Government Regulation Number 28 of 2024. However, its implementation still faces administrative obstacles and suboptimal supervision. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the verification system, digitize STR–SIP services, and improve supervision and legal education for the profession to ensure patient protection and legal certainty for medical personnel.